PFAS and Diabetes: Unpacking the “Forever Chemical” Connection

What Are PFAS?

PFAS—short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances—are synthetic chemicals used since the 1940s in products like non-stick cookware, waterproof fabrics, stain-resistant furniture, cosmetics, and even food packaging. Their durability is their hallmark—but also their danger. PFAS are persistent both in the environment and human bodies, earning them the nickname “forever chemicals.”

These chemicals have been linked to numerous health issues, including elevated cholesterol, liver and thyroid problems, immune disruption, and some cancers. Now, new research suggests PFAS may also play a role in the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes.

The Latest Research: A 31% Increased Diabetes Risk

A recent study led by researchers at Mount Sinai and published in eBioMedicine found a striking link: individuals with higher PFAS levels in their blood had a 31% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than those with lower.

This nested case-control study compared 180 recently diagnosed diabetes patients with 180 matched controls using data from BioMe, Mount Sinai’s vast genomic and electronic health record database.

The connection is believed to stem from PFAS interfering with metabolic processes—specifically insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation. Changes were observed in amino‑acid and drug‑metabolism pathways, critical components of healthy blood sugar control.

Although this study is observational (meaning it doesn’t prove PFAS cause diabetes), it adds considerable weight to concerns that environmental factors like PFAS contribute to metabolic disease risk. What Science Has Previously Revealed

Before this study, evidence linking PFAS to diabetes was mixed:

• Reviews and meta-analyses have found consistent associations between PFAS exposure and type 2 diabetes, particularly in cohort studies—but results varied across case-control and cross-sectional research

• One large analysis found that about two-thirds of reviewed studies reported positive associations between PFAS exposure and either obesity or type 2 diabetes

• PFAS have also been linked to insulin resistance, disruptions in lipid metabolism, gut inflammation, and metabolic syndrome components—all pathways closely tied to diabetes development

Why It Matters for Public Health

1. Environmental exposures matter: Diabetes prevention isn’t just about diet and exercise—your chemical environment plays a role too. Addressing PFAS exposure could strengthen prevention strategies.

2. The reach is massive: PFAS are widespread—from drinking water and food packaging to household goods. In 2024, over 143 million Americans had PFAS-contaminated drinking water

3. Policy changes are urgent: This growing evidence underscores the need for stronger regulation and public awareness. Even incremental reductions in PFAS exposure could translate to meaningful decreases in diabetes risk.

Practical Tips to Reduce PFAS Exposure

While avoiding PFAS completely is nearly impossible, small steps can help reduce your daily exposure:

• Avoid non-stick cookware: Opt for stainless steel, cast iron, or ceramic alternatives.

• Switch to safe food storage: Replace PFAS-lined or plastic containers with glass or stainless steel.

• Filter your water: Use PFAS-reducing filters certified for home use.

• Skip single-use items: Avoid items like paper straws or disposable utensils that may be PFAS-coated.

• Check labels: Choose beauty and cleaning products that are PFAS-free whenever possible.

Takeaway

Recent research shows a notable association between PFAS exposure and higher risk of type 2 diabetes—a reminder that our health is shaped not just by what we eat and do, but also by the chemicals we encounter daily. Reducing PFAS exposure where we can is a smart step toward better metabolic health.

And always, our goal with these articles is to keep you informed and empowered about your health. If you’re ready to take the next step and partner with a primary care physician who prioritizes your well-being, reach out to us here.

Disclaimer

This article is for informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. The research around PFAS exposure and type 2 diabetes is ongoing, and while associations have been observed, causation has not been definitively established. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional regarding any questions or concerns about your health, medical conditions, or treatment options.